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FormFactor

HPD dilution refrigerators and 4 K quantum probe systems

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Where it fits in a quantum computer

Its FY2025 10-K lists dilution refrigerator cryostats for quantum and superconducting computing among the cryogenic systems it makes in Boulder, Colorado, and names Bluefors, Lake Shore, Maybell, Montana Instruments and Quantum Design as competitors. Its HPD Flatiron benchtop dilution refrigerator reaches 30 mK for quantum device development and pre-screening, beside the IQ2000 and IQ3000 4 K probe systems for quantum chips and wafers.

What the evidence establishes

Quantum-computing evidence

Disclosed: FormFactor’s FY2025 10-K describes dilution refrigerator cryostats for quantum computing, and its product pages show the HPD Flatiron dilution refrigerator.

An explicit quantum-computing product, design-in, supply role, program or partnership, such as a part sold for quantum computers or a named quantum-computer customer. For a maker, it means the company’s own quantum computers or processors. This does not establish revenue, market share, volumes or future sourcing.

Component roleHPD dilution refrigerators and 4 K quantum probe systems
EvidenceDisclosed: FormFactor’s FY2025 10-K describes dilution refrigerator cryostats for quantum computing, and its product pages show the HPD Flatiron dilution refrigerator.
How we knowDisclosed The company’s own filing, release, annual report, product page or investor record describes the quantum-computing role. Where customers are unnamed, the listing says so.
Primary sourceFormFactor — supporting disclosure
Company or official disclosure; vendor claims are attributed to their source.
Checked. This is the research review date, not the source publication or quote time.

Keep in perspective

Cryogenic systems are reported inside the Systems segment and not broken out; FY2025 revenue was a record $785.0 million, mostly from probe cards. Flatiron is a benchtop research refrigerator rather than a large quantum-computer cryostat, and FormFactor names no quantum-computer customer.

Diversified business exposure. This describes the breadth or role of the business; it is not an investment rating. A quantum-computing product, design-in or partnership does not by itself establish material quantum revenue, market share, or future returns.

Connections to the assembly

These links explain the technology relationship. The model is illustrative and does not represent an actual manufacturer’s bill of materials.

Mixing chamber & still

The dilution unit. In the mixing chamber, helium-3 crossing from a concentrated into a dilute phase absorbs heat; the still above evaporates it off, and heat exchangers of sintered silver precool the returning stream.

Scope of the company links: The dilution unit is built by the refrigerator maker. ULVAC’s dilution refrigerator cools the University of Osaka’s all-Japanese superconducting quantum computer (running since July 28, 2025), and ULVAC is developing a 10 mK-class model to IBM’s specifications for launch in 2026; QuantumCTek’s ez-Q Fridge F500–F1500 are designed for 100- to 1,000-qubit superconducting machines; FormFactor sells the HPD Flatiron benchtop dilution refrigerator (30 mK); Nippon Sanso has sold e-Dilution refrigerators since 2003 and is developing a larger dilution stage under NEDO; Air Liquide acquired 80% of French maker Cryoconcept in 2020 (current range not verified); and Rigetti’s 10-K says Quanta Computer may develop dilution refrigerators for it under a 2025 collaboration. Private makers include Bluefors, Quantum Design Oxford (the former Oxford Instruments NanoScience), Maybell, Leiden Cryogenics, Zero Point Cryogenics and ICEoxford. Quanta is not mapped here: the collaboration allows statements of work, and Rigetti discloses no delivered refrigerator.

Temperature stages

Gold-plated copper plates at about 50 kelvin, 4 kelvin, 0.8 kelvin (the still), 0.1 kelvin (the cold plate) and 10 millikelvin (the mixing chamber), held apart by thin supports that conduct little heat.

Scope of the company links: The copper stages come with each dilution refrigerator, so the listed refrigerator makers (ULVAC, QuantumCTek, FormFactor, Nippon Sanso) are mapped; stage sizes are published only for some systems, such as the 590 mm sample space of QuantumCTek’s F1100 and the 530 mm plate of private Quantum Design Oxford’s ProteoxLX. Mitsubishi Materials is mapped upstream because it says its high-purity copper (residual resistivity ratio above 3,000) is used in cryogenic-refrigerator components. No source names the copper or gold-plating supplier of any quantum cryostat, and Aurubis (Cu-OFE copper with no cryogenic use cited) is not mapped.

Vacuum can & shields

The outer vacuum can that seals the insert, and the radiation shields nested inside it, each bolted to its own stage, that stop warmer surfaces from shining heat onto colder ones.

Scope of the company links: The outer vacuum can and radiation shields are part of each maker’s cryostat, and no listed company documents cans or shields as a separate product for quantum cryostats, so only the listed dilution-refrigerator makers are mapped. Bluefors (private) sells additional radiation shields and magnetic shielding as options; the magnetic shields around the chip belong to the processor sector.

Related research

Companies with overlapping sector exposure. Their products and evidence may differ; this is not a list of equivalent investments.

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